Machine generated contents note: Cajal and Consciousness: Introduction. By PEDRO C. MARIJUAN1 -- Part I. Consciousness, One Hundred Years after Textura -- Progress in the Neural Sciences in the Century after Cajal (and the Mysteries -- That Remain). By THOMAS D. ALBRIGHT, THOMAS M. JESSELL, -- ERIC R. KANDEL, AND MICHAEL I. POSNER11 -- Part II. Biological Complexity and the Emergence of Consciousness -- Consciousness, Reduction, and Emergence: Some Remarks. -- By MURRAY GELL-MANN41 -- The Epistemic Paradox of Mind (...) and Matter. By HAROLD J. MOROWITZ50 -- The Conscious Cell. BY LYNN MARGULIS55 -- Complexity and Tinkering. By FRANCOIS JACOB71 -- Consciousness, the Brain, and Spacetime Geometry. By STUART HAMEROFF. 74 -- Consciousness, the Brain, and Spacetime Geometry: An Addendum-Some -- New Developments on the Orch OR Model for Consciousness. -- By ROGER PENROSE105 -- Part III. From Primary to Higher-level Consciousness -- Consciousness: The Remembered Present. By GERALD EDELMAN111 -- Consciousness and the Binding Problem. By WOLF SINGER123 -- Cajal on Neurons, Molecules, and Consciousness. By JEAN-PIERRE CHANGEUX 147 -- A Neuronal Model of a Global Workspace in Effortful Cognitive Tasks. By -- STANISLAS DEHAENE, MICHEL KERSZBERG, AND JEAN-PIERRE -- CHANGEUX152 -- Consciousness and the Brain: The Thalamocortical Dialogue in Health and -- Disease. By RODOLFO LLINAS AND URS RIBARY166 -- The Neuroanatomy of Phenomenal Vision: A Psychological Perspective. -- ByPETRA STOERIG176 -- Co-evolution of Human Consciousness and Language. By MICHAEL A. ARBIB 195 -- From Computing with Numbers to Computing with Words-From -- Manipulation of Measurements to Manipulations of Perceptions. -- By LOTFI A. ZADEH221 -- Part IV. Closing Remarks -- Who Was Cajal? By ALBERTO PORTERA-SANCHEZ253 -- Index of Contributors259 -- Subject Index261. (shrink)

To identify how digital media are being used by community-led initiatives of the Centro Region of Portugal, and to identify the requirements that a digital platform for mediation between agents in the territory should have, two focus groups were conducted, involving six small-sized community-led initiatives and six larger-sized community-led initiatives. This article details the results of these focus groups, according to the following main categories: use of existing communication and mediation tools; the purpose of use of digital tools; type of (...) experiences prompted by digital tools and attributes and features desired in a digital platform to support community-led initiatives. The results show differences between the use and needs of digital tools by small- and larger-sized initiatives and offer interesting insights to prototype an innovative digital solution, to enhance the actions of community-led initiatives. A reference framework for digital mediation strategies and a mobile app prototype were developed, based on these surveys. The article contributes with an analytical view about the development of digital solutions, which aim to strengthen the relationship among agents of local communities and promote mediation mechanisms among all stakeholders in territorial-based innovation. (shrink)

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), a type of plant‐fungal endosymbiosis, and nodulation, a bacterial‐plant endosymbiosis, are the most ubiquitous symbioses on earth. Recent findings have established part of a shared genetic basis underlying these interactions. Here, we approach root endosymbioses through the lens of the homology and modularity concepts aiming at further clarifying the proximate and ultimate causes for the establishment of these biological systems. We review the genetics that underlie interspecific signaling and its concomitant shift in genetic programs for either partner. (...) Also, through the comparative analysis of genetic modules shared by AM and nodulation symbioses, we identify fundamental nodes in these networks, suggesting the elemental steps that may have permitted symbiotic adaptation. Here, we show that this approach, allied to recent technical advances in the study of genetic systems architecture, can provide clear testable hypotheses for the advancement of our understanding on the evolution and development of symbiotic systems. (shrink)

IntroductionRheumatologists are the primary healthcare professionals responsible for patients with rheumatic diseases and should acquire medical ethical competencies, such as the informed consent process. The objective clinical structured examination is a valuable tool for assessing clinical competencies. We report the performance of 90 rheumatologist trainees participating in a station designed to evaluate the ICP during the 2018 and 2019 national accreditations.MethodsThe station was validated and represented a medical encounter in which the rheumatologist informed a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus with (...) clinically active nephritis about renal biopsy. A trained patient–actor and an evaluator were instructed to assess ICP skills in obtaining formal informed consent, delivering bad news and overall communication with patients. The evaluator used a tailored checklist and form.ResultsCandidate performance varied with ICP content and was superior for potential benefit information but significantly reduced for potential complications and biopsy description. Only 17.8% of the candidates mentioned the legal perspective of ICP. Death was omitted by the majority of the candidates ; after the patient–actor challenged candidates, only 57.1% of them gave a clear and positive answer. Evaluators frequently rated candidate communications skills as superior, but ≥1 negative aspect was identified in 69% of the candidates.ConclusionsEthical competencies are mandatory for professional rheumatologists. It seems necessary to include an ethics competency framework in the curriculum throughout the rheumatology residency. (shrink)

"CAMINOS DEL PENSAR DE NUESTRA AMÉRICA se integra con 27 ensayos, cuyos autores escriben en torno a siete materias principales: Eticidad y educación; Circunstancialidad y liberación; Literatura y expresión; Movimientos sociales ¿antiguos y modernos?; Epistemologías actuales en América Latina; Tecnología ecología y ciencia, y cierra con Temas en el tintero en América Latina, todos ellos con un objetivo común: la historia de las ideas. Gracias al trabajo metodológico y guía del doctor Mario Magallón Anaya fue posible conjuntar temas diversos entrelazando (...) ideas; este libro es resultado de sesiones de análisis en las que distintas generaciones convergieron desde sus disciplinas para pensar a nuestro mundo en estas primeras dos décadas del siglo XXI."--Back cover. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors that affect the intention to use Big Data Applications in companies. Research into Big Data usage intention and adoption is scarce and much less from the perspective of the use of these techniques in companies. That is why this research focuses on analyzing the adoption of Big Data Applications by companies. Further to a review of the literature, it is proposed to use a UTAUT model as a starting model with (...) the update and incorporation of other variables such as resistance to use and perceived risk, and then to perform a neural network to predict this adoption. With respect to this non-parametric technique, we found that the multilayer perceptron model for the use of Big Data Applications in companies obtains higher AUC values, and a better confusion matrix. This paper is a pioneering study using this hybrid methodology on the intention to use Big Data Applications. The result of this research has important implications for the theory and practice of adopting Big Data Applications. (shrink)

Este artigo visa discutir o aparente paradoxo que encerra a ideia de contemporâneo e de anacronismo, já que o primeiro contém a ideia de uma atualidade, ao passo que a segunda uma de defasagem. No entanto, pretende-se mostrar como esta vinculação pode desfazer um certo desconforto que uma certa separação entre “moderno” e “contemporâneo”, baseado na explosão dos suportes tradicionais da arte nos anos 1960 produziu. Este desconforto nasce do fato de que esta divisão se baseia muito fundamentalmente nos discursos (...) de “ruptura”, típicos da arte moderna o que levaria a uma concepção teleológica na passagem para o “contemporâneo”. Assim, o artigo convoca três autores – que têm uma referência marcada em Walter Benjamin – que buscam entender o contemporâneo como o anacrônico: Giorgio Agamben, Georges Didi-Huberman e Peter Osborne. Passando por uma referência à obra de Vilém Flusser, o artigo discute esta questão em relação ao Brasil. Finalmente o artigo sustenta que se os dois primeiros autores pensam o anacronismo como uma relação positiva com o passado, por causa da capacidade de relacionar diferentes épocas sem uma visão cronológica, o autor inglês, por seu turno, tem uma postura crítica ao caráter anacrônico da obra de arte contemporânea na medida em que este se adequa bem ao capitalismo global atual. (shrink)

Industrial development in recent decades has led to using information and communication technologies to support personnel selection processes. One of the most notable examples is game-related assessments, supposedly as accurate as conventional tests but which generate better applicant reactions and reduce the likelihood of adverse impact and faking. However, such claims still lack scientific support. Given practitioners’ increasing use of GRA, this article reviews the scientific literature on gamification applied to personnel selection to determine whether the current state of the (...) art supports their use in professional practice and identify specific aspects on which future research should focus. Following the PRISMA model, a search was carried out in the Web of Science and Scopus databases, identifying 34 valid articles, of which 85.3% are empirical studies that analyze five areas: validity; applicant reactions; design of GRA; personal characteristics and GRA; and adverse impact and faking. Together, these studies show that GRA can be used in personnel selection but that the supposed advantages of GRA over conventional tests are fewer than imagined. The results also suggest several aspects on which research should focus, which could help define the situations in which the use of GRA may be recommended. (shrink)

Machine stability and energy efficiency have become major issues in the manufacturing industry, primarily during the COVID-19 pandemic where fluctuations in supply and demand were common. As a result, Predictive Maintenance (PdM) has become more desirable, since predicting failures ahead of time allows to avoid downtime and improves stability and energy efficiency in machines. One type of machine failure stands out due to its impact, machine overstrain, which can occur when machines are used beyond their tolerable limit. From the current (...) literature, there are little to no relevant works that focus on machine overstrain failure detection or prediction. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to implement and compare four Machine Learning (ML) algorithms for PdM applied to machine overstrain failures: Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Gradient Boosting, Random Forest and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Moreover, it proposes a training methodology for imbalanced data and the automatic optimization of hyperparameters, which aims to improve performance in the ML models. To evaluate the performance of the ML models, a synthetic dataset that simulates industrial machine data is used. The obtained results show the robustness of the proposed methodology, with the ANN and SVM models achieving a perfect recall score, with 98.95% and 98.85% in accuracy, respectively. (shrink)

En este articulo relaciono dos asuntos que no se relacionan comunmente en la literatura sobre Frege: el argumento de Frege sobre la interpretacion de las oraciones de identidad y su problema de referirse a las funciones. Primero expongo el argumento y concluyo que es plausible. Luego caracterizo las relaciones semanticas que el argumento le permite introducir. A continuacion trato el problema antes mencionado y muestro corno afecta a la semantica de Frege: esas relaciones semanticas se vuelven innominables y, por tanto, (...) su seolantica resulta ser inexpresable. Finalmente considero una solucion posible a este probierna.In this paper, I relate two items not commonly related in the literature on Frege: Frege’s argument on the interpretation of identity statements and his problem of referring to functions. First, I expound the argument and conclude that it is sound. Second, I characterize the semantical relations which the argument allows him to introduce. In what follows, I deal with the above mentioned problem and show how it affects Frege’s semantics: those semantical relations become unnameable and, therefore, his semantics turns out to be unexpressible. I consider a possible solution of this problem. (shrink)

A biography of Pedro Alfonso is proposed from the information today known. There is reproduced our mathematical deduction of the icon Trinitario of a parchment of Chartres of the XIIIth century from a figure precabalística introduced in 1110 by Pedro Alfonso of Huesca and it is presented three other materializations of the «alternated link of three rings any two not linked».

Unfounded—conspiracy and health—beliefs about COVID-19 have accompanied the pandemic worldwide. Here, we examined cross-nationally the structure and correlates of these beliefs with an 8-item scale, using a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. We obtained a two-factor model of unfounded (conspiracy and health) beliefs with good internal structure (average CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.05, SRMR = 0.04), but a high correlation between the two factors (average latent factor correlation = 0.57). This model was replicable across 50 countries (total N = 13,579), (...) as evidenced by metric invariance between countries (CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.06, SRMS = 0.07) as well as scalar invariance across genders (CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.04, SRMS = 0.03) and educational levels (CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.04, SRMS = 0.03). Also, lower levels of education, more fear of COVID-19, and more cynicism were weakly associated with stronger conspiracy and health beliefs. The study contributes to knowledge about the structure of unfounded beliefs, and reveals the potential relevance of affective (i.e., fear of COVID-19) and cognitive (i.e., cynicism) factors along with demographics, in endorsing such beliefs. In summary, we obtained cross-cultural evidence for the distinctiveness of unfounded conspiracy and health beliefs about COVID-19 in terms of their structure and correlates. (shrink)

Unfounded—conspiracy and health—beliefs about COVID-19 have accompanied the pandemic worldwide. Here, we examined cross-nationally the structure and correlates of these beliefs with an 8-item scale, using a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. We obtained a two-factor model of unfounded (conspiracy and health) beliefs with good internal structure (average CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.05, SRMR = 0.04), but a high correlation between the two factors (average latent factor correlation = 0.57). This model was replicable across 50 countries (total N = 13,579), (...) as evidenced by metric invariance between countries (CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.06, SRMS = 0.07) as well as scalar invariance across genders (CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.04, SRMS = 0.03) and educational levels (CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.04, SRMS = 0.03). Also, lower levels of education, more fear of COVID-19, and more cynicism were weakly associated with stronger conspiracy and health beliefs. The study contributes to knowledge about the structure of unfounded beliefs, and reveals the potential relevance of affective (i.e., fear of COVID-19) and cognitive (i.e., cynicism) factors along with demographics, in endorsing such beliefs. In summary, we obtained cross-cultural evidence for the distinctiveness of unfounded conspiracy and health beliefs about COVID-19 in terms of their structure and correlates. (shrink)

On propose une biographie de Petrus Alfonsi de Huesca. On reproduit notre déduction mathématique de l'icone Trinitaire d'un parchemin de Chartres, du Xlll siècle, depuis la figure précabalistique de Petrus Alfonsi, qu'il a introduit dans son oeuvre Dialogue contre les juifs en l'année 1110. On presente aussi trois matérialisations de I'enlacement alterné de trois anneaux deux à deux non enlacés.A Biography of Pedro Alfonso es proposed from the information today known. There is repruduced our mathematical deduction of the (...) icon Trinitario of a parchment of Chartres of the XIIIth century from a figure precabalistica introduced in 1110 by Pedro of Huesca and it is presented three other materializations of the "alternated link of three any two nost linked". (shrink)

This study tested the direct effects of Dark Tetrad traits on organizational and interpersonal counterproductive work behaviors. We also examined the moderating effects of the three dimensions of organizational justice – distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice – on the Dark Tetrad-CWBs relationships. Based on the data from 613 employees across different occupations, the results revealed that only psychopathy and sadism had significant effects on CWBs targeted at the organization. The results also supported the direct effect of sadism on (...) interpersonal CWBs. The findings confirmed the moderating role of interactional justice but differentially, depending on the dark trait and the target of workplace deviance. Whereas low and medium levels of interactional justice moderated the relationship between Machiavellianism and CWBs directed to the organization, it did not play any role in narcissism, psychopathy, and sadism. Regarding CWBs aimed at other people, interactional justice emerged as a significant moderator in Machiavellianism and sadism. But, whereas sadistic employees performed more harmful behaviors toward other individuals whatever their level of interactional justice, if people high in Machiavellianism perceived a high fair interpersonal treatment, they did not show deviant behaviors directed at other employees. The paper concludes with some suggestions and recommendations about the relevance of organizational justice in the influence of dark personality traits on CWBs. (shrink)

Knowledge of diverse sexual motivations can have profound implications for our comprehension of the causes, correlations, and consequences of sexual behavior. This study had two objectives: on the one hand, to determine the different motives why young Spanish university students have sex and their relationship with different sociodemographic and psychosexual variables and sexual behavior; on the other hand, to review and improve the psychometric properties of the Sexual Motivations Scale and validate it in Spanish. Participants were 805 university students of (...) both sexes, aged between 18 and 26 years, who completed a battery of online questionnaires. Significant associations were found between young people's sexual motives, especially the motives of coping, peer pressure, and enhancement, the sociodemographic variables, sexual behavior, and psychosexual variables. Also, a new structure of the Sexual Motivations Scale was proposed, with the elimination of the factor of Self-Affirmation. The discussion highlights the relevance of the results obtained due to their implications in the promotion of sexual health, in addition to achieving the first instrument validated in Spanish for the evaluation of sexual motivations. (shrink)

O artigo é uma tentativa de aproximação entre das lutas travadas pelo movimento dos sem-teto no Rio de Janeiro e a idéia de heterotopia assim como foi elaborada e (pouco) desenvolvida por Michel Foucault. As estratégias desse movimento, suas formas de reapropriação e resignifiação dos espaços urbanos, poderiam ser identificadas, nesse quadro teórico, como contribuições para a criação e manutenção de enclaves insurgentes na cidade, isto é, heterotopias urbanas. Estes seriam espaços criados, definidos, reproduzidos a partir de relações de poder (...) situadas. Ao contrário das utopias que seriam espaços imateriais, ilusórios, idealizados, possivelmente inalcançáveis, as heterotopias seriam espaços concretos e reais, utopias efetivamente realizadas. Incorporar a análise das heterotopias foucaultianas, à compreensão da dinâmica socioespacial das ocupações dos sem-teto pode ser importante, pois estas são práticas que residem e se equilibram justamente entre, de um lado o “formal”, o “institucional”, o “moralmente aceito” e, do outro, aquilo que é necessário, justo, viável, possível, para a sobrevivência na cidade. As heterotopias seriam essas formas de resignificação e reapropriação que garantem a sobrevivência daqueles que vivenciam o espaço, com todas as suas contradições e conflitos de interesses. (shrink)

El trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la incompatibilidad teórica existente entre el concepto (y/o los principios) del desarrollo sostenible y la producción de biocombustibles fundamentada en el modelo del agronegocio o agribusiness. Así en el primer ítem describimos los principales alertas emitidos a través de los Informes del IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, o Panel Inter gubernamental sobre los Cambios Climáticos) destacando: a) la influencia y el papel de las actividades humanas en el proceso del calentamiento global y la (...) contaminación ambiental, y b) el costo de oportunidad de reducir las emisiones de CO2. En el segundo destacamos los principales inversionistas extranjeros interesados en la producción de los biocombustibles, colocando algunas reflexiones en relación a este negocio “lucrativamente sostenible”, y por último -a modo de consideración- enfatizamos la imposibilidad en relación a la creencia absoluta en el libre mercado como la mejor fuente de innovación y aprendizaje para desarrollar alternativas energéticas viables y sostenibles ambientalmente. (shrink)

La siempre fascínate escritura rulfiana continúa dialogando con el mundo. El así conocido “escritor de las letras mexicanas”, nos sigue ofreciendo un mar de posibilidades de acercamiento a otras áreas humanísticas entre las cuáles incluimos a la filosofía. Coincidentes en la época y en la geografía mexicana, Juan Rulfo y María Zambrano se encontraron en 1939. Exponentes ejemplares y creadores de nuevos caminos en la escritura literaria y filosófica, los exponemos como paralelos a través de dos piezas claves de sus (...) obras: Pedro Páramo y Los sueños y el tiempo. La antropología zambraniana viene propuesta como uno de estos senderos creativos y creadores de la búsqueda del propio ser y del sentido mismo del existir. Dicho pronunciamiento antropológico lo exponemos como perspectiva de lectura del viaje no sólo de Juan preciado, ansioso buscador de su padre, sino de todos los lectores de Rulfo que hemos tejido con sus letras —extractoras de sueños y productoras de anhelos— la frágil cuerda que sostiene la aventura del descubrir nuestro lugar en el oscuro pozo del mundo. Realismo mágico y Razón poética en armonía propositiva que revela el origen de ambos proveniente de la misma semilla del ser. Rulfo y Zambrano nos enseñan que hay encuentros más profundos y reales que aquellos sólo históricos. (shrink)

A obra de Suely Rolnik traz para o debate filosófico contemporâneo a possibilidade de pensar os dias de hoje a partir de conceitos psicanalíticos e filosóficos. O livro em si não trata especificamente a área da educação, mas o fio condutor criado pela autora, o que ela denomina de descolonização do inconsciente, bem como a prática micropolítica que se dá sobre os processos de subjetivação e os demais conceitos apresentados: pulsão, linguagem, desejo, imaginação, criação, afetos e outros; são absolutamente (...) relevantes para a propositura de uma educação revolucionária e contemporânea. (shrink)

Dos corrientes principales dividen el debate sobre la relación entre Joaquín de Fiore, Pedro Alfonso de Huesca y la cábala judaica. Gershon Scholem firma la hipótesis de que el abad de Fiore y los cabalistas españoles del siglo XII, a la vez y sin conocerse, han producido trabajos similares. Esta hipótesis será parcialmente rechazada por una segunda que pone en evidencia algunos aspectos de la obra joaquinita derivados del filósofo judío-aragonés, converso al cristianismo, Pedro Alfonso de (...) Huesca. Esta segunda hipótesis permite afirmar que la explicación de la Trinidad asumida por Pedro Alfonso de acuerdo con el Tetragrama YHWH tomado del Secretum secretorum de los judíos fue incorporada por Joaquín de Fiore, y que utilizará especialmente en la composición de la Figura XIII – el Salterio de diez cuerdas, y de la Figura XI – los Tres círculos trinitarios del Liber Figurarum. Desde esta perspectiva, añadimos una tercera hipótesis: que la relación entre Joaquín de Fiore y la cábala, además de tener como punto de apoyo la explicación trinitaria de Pedro Alfonso, se refleja directamente en la confección de sus principales figurae. Y de forma complementaria, entendemos que la fuente que nutre Pedro Alfonso, e indirectamente la de Joaquín de Fiore –el llamado Secretum secretorum de los judíos– es una compilación de tres textos cabalistas principales: el Sefer Yetsirah, el Sefer al-Raziel y el Libro de Salomón. (shrink)

O objetivo é mostrar e discutir a crítica de Wilfrid Sellars, direcionada ao ponto de vista do empirismo clássico, de acordo com o qual, os episódios internos como pensamentos e impressões sensoriais são experiências imediatas. A construção de sua crítica terá como pano de fundo um mito criado por ele mesmo, o mito de Jones. Este servirá para mostrar como aprendemos a falar dos tais episódios internos que são tidos como experiências imediatas. Mostraremos como Sellars, com a ajuda do (...) mito de Jones, monta seus argumentos de modo a sustentar o inverso da posição empirista clássica, afirmando que os episódios internos como pensamentos e impressões, apesar de internos, são, na verdade, dependentes de contextos intersubjetivos da fala pública, uma espécie de cognição conceitual, sendo, portanto, episódios internos mediatos, ou seja, não imediatos. (shrink)

resumo: Neste artigo propomos abordar a relação entre os conceitos de natureza e de artefato a partir de uma racionalidade química e alquímica. Pretendemos mostrar que essa racionalidade é originariamente tecnocientífica e apontar o modo como alquimistas e químicos construíram um quadro conceitual ancorado no laboratório do químico e no laboratório do orgânico. Nosso propósito é explicitar as transgressões e a capilaridade tecnocultural dos materiais criados nos laboratórios, bem como da existência de um estilo químico de raciocinar com suas particularidades (...) ontológicas, epistemológicas e metodológicas. abstract: In this article we propose to treat the relation between the concepts of nature and artifact from a chemical and alchemical rationality. We intend to show that this rationality is originally technoscientific and to point out the way alchemists and chemists built a conceptual board anchored in the laboratory of the chemical and in the laboratory of the organic. Our proposal is to explain the transgressions and technocultural capillarity of the materials created in the laboratories, as well as the existence of a chemical style of reasoning with its ontological, epistemological and methodological particularities. (shrink)

There are numerous studies that, from different perspectives, have dealt with the debate held in the Spanish Empire during the 16th century on the slavery of the American Indians, starring –among others– by Francisco de Vitoria and his disciples from the School of Salamanca, and also –outside the academic sphere– by Fray Bartolomé de las Casas and Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda. The purpose of this work is to study whether this debate made its mark in Spanish society. For this, it (...) is analyzed three theatrical pieces from the Golden Age signed by playwrights of the stature of Tirso de Molina, Lope de Vega and Pedro Calderón de Barca, who –given their enormous popularity– had the capacity to reach the wide audience that congregated in the corrals of comedies. Were these three writers influenced by the controversy over the Indians carried out, among other authors, by Vitoria, Las Casas and Sepúlveda? Did they fully grasp in their works the subtle debate that Vitoria, Las Casas and Sepúlveda maintained when they interpreted Aristotelian arguments on slavery and the consequences that derived from them in terms of the possibility of enslaving or not the Indians? (shrink)

Pedro Alfonso y Raimundo de Marsella intentaron justificar la teoría y la práctica de la astrología en medio de un clima de escepticismo y de oposición. Ambos defendieron con firmeza el arte de la adivinación celeste, afirmando que forma parte del plan racional trazado por Dios para el Universo. Atacaron a sus oponentes (los practicantes de la astrología inferior y el clero opuesto a la astrología), llamándolos ciegos, pervertidos y bestias irracionales. Sus discusiones contribuyeron a entender la importancia (...) de la recepción de la ciencia árabe en la Europa latina durante el siglo XII y a que se apelase cada más a la razón. (shrink)

Este artículo revisa la concepción de la Independencia de Antonio Caso, Alfonso Reyes, José Vasconcelos, Samuel Ramos, Juan Hernández Luna, Leopoldo Zea, Emilio Uranga y Luis Villoro. La pregunta por las “raíces ideológicas” de la Independencia guio en buena medida esta discusión intergeneracional. Miguel Hidalgo era considerado, de manera casi unánime, un héroe, ya fuese uno de la latinidad (para Caso o Reyes) o un héroe existencialista (para Villoro). El artículo adopta el presupuesto metodológico del historicismo: una idea (...) no es sino la forma de reacción de un ser humano concreto frente a sus circunstancias. (shrink)